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| 著名哲学家冯·怀特去世 | |||||
| 作者:chun 新闻来源:本站原创 点击数: 更新时间:2004-7-6 【哲学在线编辑】 | |||||
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Georg Henrik von Wright (1916-2003);下图与维特根斯坦(左)合影,为其遗著执行人之一 Finnish philosopher and logician, influential cultural critic and essayist. Georg Henrik von Wright was the successor of the famous philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein at the University of Cambridge. Von Wright began his philosophical career with a major interest in logic and in the philosophy of science. After Wittgenstein's death, von Wright become one of the executors of Wittgenstein's literary estate and he wrote several articles on the philosopher. "Though in my youth I had been a positivist of a sort, I had never shared the belief in 'progress' through the advancement of science and diffusion of knowledge which has been the ethos of the positivist tradition. My humanist attitudes had been connected with a pessimistic view of reform and a skeptical view of the implications of science and technology for society." (from 'Intellectual autobiography of Georg Henrik von Wright', in The Philosophy of Georg Henrik von Wright, ed. by P.A. Schilpp and L.E. Hahn, 1989) Von Wright was born in Helsinki. After long periods of illness during his early school years, he spent at the age of 12 a year in the health resort of Merano in Tirol. There took his 'intellectual awakening' place. Especially geometry and natural sciences attracted him - he also read such philosophers as Schopenhauer and Nietzsche. In 1929 von Wright developed interest in philosophy, and read thoroughly Wilhelm Jerusalem's Einleitung in die Philosophie and Hans Larsson's textbook on psychology. In 1934 von Wright enrolled as a student at the University of Helsinki, graduating in 1937. His teacher Eino Kaila, who was professor of philosophy at the university, encouraged him to study outside the prescribed curriculum such books as Carnap's Abriss der Logistik and Dubislav's Die Definition. Carnap's Syntax he considered too difficult for a beginner although von Wright also studied mathematics at the university. Logical positivism, or as Kaila preferred to call it, logical empiricism, influenced deeply von Wright's thinking as well as Jakob Burckhard 'humanism', professed in Weltgeschitliche Betrachtungen. After reading von Wright's exam paper on Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, Kaila said that he now understood the work better. Von Wright later acknowledged that perhaps they both did not understand the book. In 1937 von Wright travelled to Austria and Italy. Due to Anschluss in March 1938 von Wright could not continue his studies in Vienna and he started to work on his thesis in Cambridge. Von Wright studied under C.D. Broad, but he did not meet John Maynard Keynes, whose work A Treatise on Probability he had read to learn English. For his surprise he heard that Wittgenstein lived in Cambridge, which perhaps tells more about Helsinki's international scientific contacts than Wittgenstein's reclusive character. Von Wright also contacted Wittgenstein, but their first meeting was depressing for the young student - the sensitive philosopher was angered because an outsider attended his course so late in term. However, Wittgenstein soon calmed down and welcomed von Wright to the next one. During Finland's Winter War, 1939-40, von Wright was freed from military service, but he worked in a voluntary organization for propaganda on the home front. On May 31, 1941, von Wright published his doctoral thesis, THE LOGICAL PROBLEM OF INDUCTION, and married on the same day his fiancée, Maria Elisabeth, née von Troil. During the Continuation War he worked at the Governmental Information Centre (Valtion Tiedotuslaitos). He was appointed docent in philosophy at the University of Helsinki in 1943 and professor in 1946, retiring from this post in 1961. Among von Wright's students in the postwar years was Jaakko Hintikka, who found his way to philosophy from mathematics. In 1948 von Wright was invited to succeed Wittgenstein as a professor of philosophy at the university of Cambridge, where he worked for three years and invented the deontic logic. During this period von Wright got to know G.E. Moore, whose influence - along with Wittgenstein and Kaila - was crucial for him. In 1950 von Wright wrote AN ESSAY IN MODAL LOGIC, which appeared next year. His study A TREATISE ON INDUCTION AND PROBABILITY (1951) has been considered the most distinguished attempt to develop Francis Bacon's and John Stuart Mill's theories of eliminative induction. After Wittgenstein's death in 1951, von Wright decided to return to Finland. It was the most difficult decision in his life, he later told. Von Wright resumed his duties in his former professorship in Helsinki. His own chair in philosophy at the University of Helsinki was in the faculty of humanities. Its language of instruction was Swedish, but he also had chair in practical philosophy in the faculty of political sciences, where he taught in Finnish. In 1963 von Wright published three books. THE VARIETIES OF GOODNESS he considered his best and most personal work. Other studies were NORM AND ACTION and THE LOGIC OF PREFERENCE. During this period he began to take an interest in cybernetics and mathematical behavioral science. EXPLANATION AND UNDERSTANDING (1971) showed the influence of Wittgenstein's last writings. It is perhaps von Wright's best know work. FREEDOM AND DETERMINATION (1980) was von Wright's last major book on logic. In it he continued to elaborate his ideas of the relation between actions and their reasons and also the differences between the human and the natural sciences. Von Wright also wrote in his later years of ethics, cultural philosophy, and ecological questions. His analytic hermeneutics is considered a bridge between two rivaling approaches to philosophy. Enlarged teaching duties committed von Wright to study the great ethical writings of Aristotele, Kant, and Moore. He became interested in the work of Dostoevsky and Tolstoy, and produced of these author two essays, which are among the most insightful writings in the Finnish literature critic. In 1961 he was appointed to the Academy of Finland, which freed him from teaching duties in his home country. In the 1960s von Wright spent much time in the United States - he was a visiting professor at Cornell University from 1965 to 1977. He also lectured at several universities in Europe. In 1994-95 he was a visiting professor at the University of Leipzig. From 1968 to 1977 he was Chancellor of Åbo Akademi. In 1986 von Wright received the prize of the Alexander von Humboldt and the great prize of the Academy of Sweden. He was awarded the Selma Lagerlöf literary prize in 1993 and Tage Danielsson award in 1998. In 2002 he received the Critical European Prize. He was also a member of numerous learned academies and societies, and honorary doctor of several universities. Von Wright died in Helsinki on June 16, 2003, at the age of 87. "Det finns tider i historien, när der kan se ut som om mänskligheten inte had råd att lysna till de röster, som talar för människans väl och ifrågasätter der betärrigade i det tvång, som är inbyggt i de bestående samhällenas ordning. Under sådana istider för humaniteten påminner mänsklighetens anlete mera on Calibans än om der som vi tror är människans eget. Jag kunde tänka mig, att vi nu lever på tröskeln ti en sådan tid." (from Humanism som livshållning, 1978) For further reading: Essays on Wittgenstein in Honour of G.H. von Wright, ed. by Jaakko Hintikka (1976); Tulevaisuus: juhlakirja akateemikko Georg Henrik von Wrightin 70-vuotispäivän 14.6.1986 kunniaksi, ed. by I. Niiniluoto, H. Nyman (1986); The Philosophy of Georg Henrik von Wright , ed. by P.A. Schlipp and L.E. Hahn (1989); Suomalaisen kulttuurifilosofian vuosisata by Mikko Salmela (1998); Alternative Action Theory: Simultaneously a Critique of Georg Henrik Von Wright's Practical Philosophy by Ota Weinberger (1998); In Search of a New Humanism: The Philosophy of Georg Henrik Von Wright, ed. by Rosaria Egidi (1999); Actions, Norms, values: Discussions With Georg Henrik Von Wright, ed. by by Georg Meggle, Andreas Wojcik (1999); 100 Faces from Finland, ed. by Ulpu Marjomaa (2000) - See: Bertrand Russell, Library of Living Philosophers, Technosystem Threatening Democracy, Ludwig Wittgenstein Room - See also: Eino Kaila - Note: Some philosophers have associated von Wright with the so-called Vienna School of logical positivist, whose members included Rudolf Carnap, Otto Neurath, Hans Reichenbach, Moritz Schlick, Karl Popper. Selected works: LOGICAL PROBLEM OF INDUCTION, 1941 |
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