■记者彭伦报道

    本报讯英国知识分子杂志《前景》月刊为纪念创刊第100期，最近评选出英国一百位最有影响的知识分子。

    《前景》（Prospect）创刊于1995年10月，今年7月号是其第100期。为此，编辑部从最近五至十年活跃的400位学者、作家中遴选出100位公共知识分子名单。编辑坦言，这份名单必然会引起争议，他们的选择标准是获选者必须非常善于将自己的学术文化见解让大众理解，同时，他们的作品必须具有原创性，能够鲜明地体现英国文化生活的特点。总之，选择必然有主观性，但反映了编辑部所认为的时代精神。

    作家戴维·赫曼撰写了名单分析，他认为这份榜单有不少值得注意之处。首先是上世纪八十年代影响很大的新左派学者缺席，只有佩里·安德森、塔里克·阿里、埃里克·霍布斯鲍姆、特里·伊格尔顿入选，而没有年轻一代代替他们。七八十年代活跃的新右派情况相同，表明“左”“右”之争已不再是英国学术界热点。

    其次，榜单表明，七十年代末八十年代初在英国学术界掀起热潮的文学、文化理论现在已钻进“象牙塔”内，仅有特里·伊格尔顿一人入选。文学评论家虽然较多，但大多数已年过六十岁，而且没有年轻一代。

    衰落最显著的是移民知识分子。在二十世纪中期，最有影响的知识分子来自奥地利、德国、东欧，如以赛亚·柏林、维特根斯坦、恩斯特·贡布里希、阿瑟·科埃斯勒等。而现在，乔治·斯坦纳、霍布斯鲍姆、汤姆·斯托帕特是这些人中的仅存者。

    曾经横跨多个学科的学术通才也几乎看不到了，只有入选的两位年过七十岁的老学者乔纳森·米勒和乔治·斯坦纳。

    另一个几乎绝迹的领域是知识分子政治家。在上一代人中，英国还有一大批曾在大学执教的政治家，现在，只剩下戴维·维烈特斯、高登·布朗两人。

    相比之下，科学家的大批入选倒不令人奇怪。自1980年代末以来，英国出现了大批畅销科普图书，在宇宙学、基因研究、人工智能、计算机科学等领域的迅猛发展，也造就了一批公众熟悉的科学家。在45年前C.P.斯诺著名的“两种文化”演讲之后，科学与文化的辩论又成为今日英国学术界辩论热点。然而，当年两种文化的大讨论曾有一批哲学家的参与，如罗素、伯林、弗雷迪·阿耶尔。而现在，讨论的相关问题有很多，如基因研究、安乐死、环境、人工智能等等，但入选名单的哲学家不足六人，而且全部超过五十岁。随着近年伯纳德·威廉姆斯、理查德·沃尔海姆、斯图尔特·汉普希尔相继去世，哲学在当今英国公共生活中的地位也在下降。

    历史学家在这份名单中占了不少份额，共有十四人，而且这些人的研究领域、立场各种各样，许多人都是四五十岁壮年，由沙玛、弗格森、斯塔奇制作的历史系列片甚至占领了现在英国电视黄金时段，显示出历史学在今日英国公共生活中的影响之大。

    还有一个值得注意的人群是社会、政治随笔作家，如迈克尔·伊格纳提夫、约翰·格雷、伊恩·布鲁玛、克里斯托弗·希钦斯等。他们立场不同，但都具有强烈的政治道德感、国际化，文笔一流，可以说，都是乔治·奥威尔追随者。

    《前景》还请读者投票从中评选五大公共知识分子，将在八月号杂志上公布投票结果。

编者按：这100位公共知识分子的名单参见：http://www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/HtmlPages/intellectuals.asp

AC Grayling, philosopher
Adair Turner, economist and policy adviser
Adam Phillips, psychotherapist and essayist
Amartya Sen, development economist
Anatole Kaletsky, Times economics commentator
Anthony Giddens, social and political theorist
AS Byatt, critic and essayist
Bernard Crick, political writer and citizenship expert
Bhikhu Parekh, political theorist
Brian Eno, musician and producer
Charles Grant, director of Centre for European Reform
Charles Jencks, architectural critic
Christopher Hitchens, essayist and contrarian
Colin Blakemore, neurologist and MRC chief executive
David Cannadin, historian
David Elstein, television executive
David Green, director of Civitas
David Hare, playwright
David Marquand, writer on politics
David Pannick, human rights lawyer
David Starkey, historian and broadcaster
David Willetts, Conservative politician
Eric Hobsbawm, historian
Frank Kermode, literary critic and writer
Fred Halliday, international relations professor
Geoff Mulgan, Demos founder and policy adviser
George Monbiot, columnist and author
George Steiner, writer and academic
Germaine Greer, writer
Gitta Sereny, biographer
Gordon Brown, chancellor of the exchequer
Ian Buruma, writer on Asian and world affairs
Ian McEwan, novelist
James Lovelock, scientist and originator of Gaia theory
James Wood, literary critic
Jeanette Winterson, novelist
John Carey, literature professor and critic
John Gray, political philosopher
John Kay, business economist and academic
Jonathan Miller, theatre director and polymath
Jonathan Sacks, chief rabbi
Julian Le Grand, social policy theorist and policy adviser
Karen Armstrong, historian of religion
Lawrence Freedman, professor of war studies
Lewis Wolpert, developmental biologist and writer
Linda Colley, historian
Lisa Jardine, historian
Malise Ruthven, writer on religion
Martin Amis, novelist and critic
Martin Rees, astronomer royal
Martin Wolf, FT chief economics commentator
Mary Midgley, moral philosopher
Mary Warnock, philosopher and public ethicist
Matt Ridley, science writer
Matthew D'Ancona, journalist and writer
Melanie Phillips, author and columnist
Melvyn Bragg, broadcaster and writer
Mervyn King, Bank of England governor
Michael Craig-Martin, conceptual artist and professor
Michael Frayn, playwright and novelist
Michael Howard, military historian
Michael Ignatieff, human rights theorist and author
Neil MacGregor, director of British Musuem
Niall Ferguson, historian
Noel Malcolm, historian
Onora O'Neill, philosopher
Paul Gilroy, race and social theorist
Perry Anderson, historian
Peter Hennessy, historian of government
Peter Maxwell-Davies, composer and conductor
Philip Bobbitt, theorist of law and conflict
Philip Pullman, children's author
Quentin Skinner, historian
Raymond Tallis, physician and writer
Richard Dawkins, biologist and scientific polemicist
Richard Holmes, biographer
Richard Layard, economics professor and policy adviser
Richard Rogers, architect
Robert Cooper, diplomat and writer
Robert May, zoologist and Royal Society president
Robert Skidelsky, economics professor
Robert Winston, fertility expert and broadcaster
Roger Scruton, philosopher and writer
Rowan Williams, archbishop of Canterbury
Salman Rushdie, writer
Samuel Brittan, economics commentator
Seamus Heaney, poet and essayist
Simon Schama, historian and broadcaster
Steven Rose, biologist
Susan Greenfield, pharmacologist and RI director
Tariq Ali, political campaigner
Terry Eagleton, literary theorist
Thomas Kirkwood, professor of medicine
Timothy Garton Ash, historian and commentator
Tom Nairn, theorist on nationalism
Tom Stoppard, playwright
VS Naipaul, novelist and essayist
WG Runciman, social theorist
Will Hutton, chief executive of the Work Foundation
Ziauddin Sardar, writer on Islam